Results

Hypothesis Testing

To test the research hypotheses, we used a multiple linear regression model. Table 1 presents the descriptive data and the internal consistency of the scales. Table 2 reports the regression results showing destructive leadership (poor management, abusive supervisor behaviour, and inadequate communication of expectations) has a negative relationship with behavioural innovation and a negative relationship with a caring climate as well. Therefore, evidence supports H1 and H2.

Table 2: Regression results from testing the influence of destructive leadership in behavioural innovation and caring climate

Variables Behavioural innovation Caring climate
β R² Adjusted Β R² Adjusted
Poor-management - 0.58** 0.329 -0.54** 0.289
Abusive behaviour - 0.55** 0.302 - 0.51** 0.258
Inadequate communication - 0.45** 0.197 -0.46** 0.210


β = Standartized Betas ** p <0.01;


Further, the results show that a caring climate has a positive relationship (β=0.74, p <0.01; R² Adjusted= 0.543) with behavioural innovation. Thus, findings support hypothesis H3. Table 3 shows that a partial mitigating effect exists, which partially support H4.

Table 3: Mediation effect of the caring climate in the relationship between destructive leadership and behavioural innovation

Step 1 Step 2 Step 1 Step 2 Step 1 Step 2
Variables P-M P-M C AB AB C IC IC C
Behavioural innovation β -.58** -.25** .60** - .55** -.24** .62** - .45** -.14** .68**
R² Ajustado 0.329 0.586 0.302 0.583 0.197 0.556
Mediation effect Partially Present Partially Present Partially Present


β = standartized betas. ** p <0.01, P-M - poor-management, C - caring, AB - abusive behaviour, IC - inadequate communication